IP Ratings Explained: What Every Electrician Needs to Know 

When installing lights, switches, or electrical accessories, understanding IP ratings is vital for safety and compliance. These small two-digit codes can make the difference between a safe installation and one that risks water damage or electric shock. 

Whether you’re training to become an electrician or already working in the field, this guide explains exactly what IP codes mean, how to read them, and why they’re so important across domestic, commercial, and outdoor environments. 

What Is an IP Code? 

IP stands for Ingress Protection — a standard set by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) under IEC 60529. The IP code system defines the level of protection an electrical enclosure provides against dust, dirt, accidental contact, and water. 

It’s an internationally recognised way of describing protection levels far more precisely than vague marketing terms like “waterproof” or “weatherproof.” 

For example, an IP68 rating tells you that a product is completely dust-tight (6) and can w ithstand full immersion in water (8). 

Each code follows the same structure: 

• IP – The prefix confirming it’s an Ingress Protection rating. 

• First digit (0–6) – Protection against solid objects (dust, particles, accidental contact). 

• Second digit (0–9) – Protection against water ingress. 

• Optional letter – Sometimes used to specify extra details (e.g. resistance to access by tools or wires). 

You’ll see IP ratings on almost every electrical product — from LED downlights to socket outlets — and knowing what they mean is key to choosing the right equipment for the right environment. 

If you’re changing careers and looking to move into the electrical trade, see Changing Career to Become an Electrician for how growing EV demand and JIB rates make it a smart move. 

IP Ratings Around the Home 

Every piece of electrical equipment installed in a home must meet minimum IP rating standards to prevent electric shock and reduce fire risk. 

In general: 

• Horizontal surfaces (like the tops of enclosures) must be rated at least IP4X. 

• Vertical surfaces (such as switch fronts) must be at least IP2X. 

This ensures dust and small objects cannot enter, protecting both the equipment and the user. 

Most domestic accessories — sockets, s witches, and light fittings — easily meet these minimum standards. However, special attention is needed in areas with high moisture, such as bathrooms and outdoor spaces. 

If you’re planning to upskill or refresh your technical knowledge, our Courses for Qualified Electricians article outlines training paths that build compliance expertise, including IP ratings, Part P, and 18th Edition Wiring Regulations. 

Bathroom IP Ratings and Zones 

Bathrooms are categorised into Zones based on their distance from water sources, and each zone has strict IP requirements to ensure user safety. 

• Zone 0 – Inside the bath or shower basin. Only 12V SELV equipment can be used, with the power source located outside the zone. 

• Zone 1 – Above the bath or shower up to 2.25m. Only low-voltage (12V SELV or 25V PELV) lighting and fans are permitted, with safety transformers outside the zone. 

• Zone 2 – Extends 0.6m around Zone 1. Must have at least IPX4 protection (resistant to splashing water). 

For example, if you’re fitting an extractor fan in Zone 1, it must be rated IPX4 or higher and correctly labelled. 

Typical fittings allowed in bathroom zones include: 

• Water heaters 

• Ventilation fans 

• Luminaires 

• Heated towel rails 

• Shower pumps 

• Whirlpool or electric shower units 

Each must meet its relevant IP and voltage requirements. 

Understanding these details is crucial for safe installation and compliance under BS 7671. For related wiring practices, read Earthing or Bonding a Metallic Cable Tray – What the Regs Really Say. 

IP Ratings for Outdoor Electrical Installations 

Electrical equipment used outside doesn’t fall under bathroom zoning but still needs to be weatherproof and robust enough to handle exposure to the elements. 

For outdoor sockets, junction boxes, and garden lighting, the following are good general standards: 

• Minimum IP54 for sheltered installations. 

• IP65–IP66 for fully exposed fittings. 

Most purpose-built outdoor sockets sold in the UK meet IP66, offering complete protection from dust and high-pressure water jets — ideal for wet environments like driveways or patios. 

Always double-check manufacturer ratings and ensure cable glands, gaskets, and seals are properly fitted. Even the best-rated equipment can fail if water ingress occurs through poor installation. 

Choosing the Right IP Rating for Your Installation 

Here’s a quick overview of what common ratings mean in practice: